The Pantheon in Rome is one of the most remarkable and well-preserved monuments from ancient times, celebrated for its stunning architecture and engineering. Originally built as a temple to all the gods, this iconic structure has stood the test of time, serving as both a church and a major tourist attraction. Central to its enduring presence is the use of travertine, a stone that has played a vital role in Rome’s architectural history.
The History of the Pantheon
The Pantheon we see today was completed around 126 AD during the reign of Emperor Hadrian, but its history dates back even further. The original Pantheon was commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus around 27-25 BC. However, that building was destroyed by fire, and the current structure was built on its foundations.
The Pantheon is renowned for its massive dome, which was the largest in the world for over a thousand years and remains the largest unsupported concrete dome in the world. The building’s name, derived from the Greek words pan (all) and theos (gods), reflects its original purpose as a temple dedicated to the pantheon of Roman gods.
Over the centuries, the Pantheon has undergone various restorations and modifications. In the 7th century, it was consecrated as a Christian church, which helped preserve it through the medieval period when many other ancient structures were pillaged for their materials.
The Role of Travertine in the Pantheon
Travertine stone was used extensively in the construction of the Pantheon, particularly in its portico and foundation. The travertine was quarried from Tivoli, a town just outside of Rome, known for its high-quality stone.
The Pantheon’s portico, with its massive Corinthian columns, is a striking example of the use of travertine. These columns, each standing 11.8 meters (39 feet) tall and weighing around 60 tons, are supported by a travertine base, demonstrating the stone’s ability to bear significant weight and contribute to the structure’s stability.
Travertine was also used in the construction of the steps leading up to the Pantheon and in various parts of the interior, where its natural color and texture complement the marble and granite used elsewhere in the building.
Fun Facts and Interesting Details
- The Oculus: The Pantheon’s dome features a central oculus, a 27-foot-wide circular opening that serves as the building’s only source of natural light. The oculus also allows rain to enter the building, which is then drained away by a system of holes in the floor, made possible by the underlying travertine foundation.
- Agrippa’s Inscription: The inscription on the Pantheon’s façade reads “M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIUM·FECIT,” which translates to “Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, consul for the third time, built this.” This inscription is a tribute to the original builder of the first Pantheon, even though the current structure was constructed under Hadrian’s reign.
- Travertine’s Strength: The travertine used in the Pantheon’s construction has played a key role in the building’s remarkable preservation. The stone’s durability has helped the structure withstand nearly two millennia of weathering, earthquakes, and human activity.
- A Model of Roman Engineering: The Pantheon’s design and construction techniques, including the use of travertine, were highly advanced for their time. The building’s dome, which is made of concrete mixed with lighter materials like pumice as it ascends, is supported by the solid travertine base, showcasing the Romans’ sophisticated understanding of structural engineering.
- A Continuous Place of Worship: Since its conversion into a Christian church in the 7th century, the Pantheon has been in continuous use as a place of worship. This has helped ensure its preservation and made it one of the best-preserved ancient buildings in Rome. The use of travertine in both the structure’s original construction and its subsequent restorations has been key to its enduring legacy.
The Pantheon: A Timeless Monument of Travertine
The Pantheon is not just a remarkable feat of ancient engineering; it is also a symbol of the enduring legacy of Roman architecture. The use of travertine in its construction has contributed to the building’s longevity, making it one of the most iconic and enduring landmarks in Rome.
As you stand before the Pantheon’s towering columns or gaze up at its magnificent dome, you are not just looking at a building—you are witnessing a piece of history that has been shaped by the same stone that built much of ancient Rome.
Inspired by the Pantheon’s timeless beauty? Bring a piece of Rome’s history home with our handcrafted travertine souvenirs. Explore our collection at Made of Rome.